By the early Seventeenth Century, tools such as the procure staff, astrolabe, quadrant, sextant, astronomical clock, telescope, and torquetum had led scientists like Copernicus, Digges, Bruno, Tycho, Kepler, and Galileo to new discoveries about the universe. ring were fascinated with astronomy and geography and by maps, globes, and celestial globes. Milton himself visited Galileo in 1638. As Lawrence Babb, Robert H. Cawley, Walter Clyde Curry, Alastair Fowler, Allen H. Gilbert, Grant McColley, Marjorie Nicolson, Howard Schultz, Susan Shibanoff and Elizabeth H. Hageman, Kester Svendsen, and others have amply demonstrated, Miltons reside in and knowledge of geography and astronomy was extensive--too extensive for him to have been trusting of the implications of the details he provides about Satans orbits in Book IX of Paradise Lost. As Gunnar Qvarnström points out, Milton stresses the element of time and directs the readers commission to the epic chronometer (25), and, as Ala stair Fowler explains, Miltons cosmology is an exact reproduction, correct in every geographical detail, of the actual world as it appears from a unique view point (447).

Walter Clyde Curry has delineated the track of Satan and the rebel angels fall from Heaven to Hell and the running of Satans first journey to the earth, but he ignores Satans other journeys (9.48-86). Malabika Sarkar and Harinder Singh Marjara usurp about the lines in Book Nine which describe Satans orbits. Sarkar has attached her attention to the seven orbits described in Book IX, 63-66, a passage she calls one of the finest examples of Milt ons astronomical imagination (63). Her atten! tion is rivet on the path of Satans orbits with respect to the sun and the earths shadow; my kindle here is in Satans orbits with respect to geography. And Marjara points out that Miltons images of the cosmos are drawn from mathematical descriptions of the heavens (194) rather than visual images (195). He argues that Milton...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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